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                <text>Period IV: Contextualizing Framework (2)</text>
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                <text>Berkey, Jonathan Porter. &lt;em&gt;The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East&lt;/em&gt;, 600-1800. Themes in Islamic History, v. 2. 189-223. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.</text>
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                <text>Period IV: Contextualizing Framework (1)</text>
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                <text>Berkey, Jonathan Porter. &lt;em&gt;The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East&lt;/em&gt;, 600-1800. Themes in Islamic History, v. 2. 179-188. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.</text>
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                <text>Period III: Contextualizing Framework (2)</text>
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                <text>Berkey, Jonathan Porter. &lt;em&gt;The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East&lt;/em&gt;, 600-1800. Themes in Islamic History, v. 2. 130-158. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.</text>
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                <text>Period III: Contextualizing Framework (1)</text>
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                <text>Berkey, Jonathan Porter. &lt;em&gt;The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East&lt;/em&gt;, 600-1800. Themes in Islamic History, v. 2. 113-129. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.</text>
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                <text>Period II: Contextualizing Framework (2)</text>
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                <text>Berkey, Jonathan Porter. &lt;em&gt;The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East&lt;/em&gt;, 600-1800. Themes in Islamic History, v. 2. 102-109. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.</text>
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                <text>Period II: Contextualizing Framework (1)</text>
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                <text>Berkey, Jonathan Porter. &lt;em&gt;The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East&lt;/em&gt;, 600-1800. Themes in Islamic History, v. 2. 58-101. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.</text>
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                <text>Period I: Contextualizing Framework</text>
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                <text>Berkey, Jonathan Porter. &lt;em&gt;The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East&lt;/em&gt;, 600-1800. Themes in Islamic History, v. 2. 3-53. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.</text>
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                <text>Idrisi World Map ca. 493-561 AH/1100-1166 CE</text>
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                <text>ca. 1100-1166. Idrisi World Map and T-O Diagram. Place: Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Library. https://library.artstor.org/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822000295129.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;Shboul, Ahmad M. H. "Idrīsī, al-." In &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;. : Oxford University Press, 1991. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2429.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>"Dishes like this, finely decorated with Arabic inscriptions, are commonly found in Indonesia and are thought to have been ordered from China by the Sultans of Aceh in the northwest of Sumatra in the 17th century. Under the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-36), Aceh became the most powerful Islamic kingdom in South-east Asia, and the capital Kutaradja (present day Banda Aceh) was a centre of trade and learning. The inscriptions are all written in cursive Arabic script, and include invocations to Allah, verses from the Qur’an, including the Throne verse from Surah al-Baqarah (Chapter 2, verse 255), Surah al-Ikhlas (Chapter 112, verses 1-4) and Surah al-Nas (Chapter 114, verses 1-6), the Shahadah, and the Nad-i ‘Ali prayer; the word ‘Allah’ is repeated in between the eight roundels along the cavetto of the dish. A similar nine-fold medallion design is found in the seals of the Sultans of Aceh"</text>
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                <text>Ming Dynasty (1600-1700), Image: 27-Feb-2013. Dish, 2988/2 Interior. ceramics. Place: UBC Museum of Anthropology, A Gift from the Ismaili Muslim Community. https://library.artstor.org/asset/AWSS35953_35953_33026204.</text>
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                <text>Arabic China found in Indonesia</text>
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              <text>Qadi قاضي </text>
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                <text>Qadi قاضي </text>
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                <text>A judge, specifically on Islamic Law</text>
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